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Hispanic Americans and Latino Americans ((スペイン語:hispanos) (:isˈpanos), ) are United States citizens, legal permanent residency holders, and presently-resident undocumented immigrants (excluding transient non-resident visitors) descending from the peoples of the countries of Latin America and Iberia. More generally, it includes all persons in the United States who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino, whether of full or partial ancestry.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=49 CFR Part 26 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=US Small Business Administration 8(a) Program Standard Operating Procedure )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=American FactFinder Help: Hispanic or Latino origin )〕 For the US census in 2010, American Community Survey, people counted as "Hispanic" or "Latino" are those who identify as one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the census or ACS questionnaire ("Mexican," "Puerto Rican," or "Cuban") as well as those who indicate that they are "other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino." The countries or people who are in the Hispanic or Latino American groups as classified by the Census Bureau are the following: Spain, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. It is important to note that the Census office of the US excludes Brazilian Americans from the Hispanic and Latino American population (Brazil is part of Latin America but has a Portuguese language culture rather than Spanish-language).〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_B04006&prodType=table ) This page of the US Census bureau is about the reported ethnicities of United States in 2014. The page indicates the number of American people (or residents in United States) identifying as of different national origins. The page included the people from Brazil but excluded the people who indicated origins classified by the Census Bureau as "Hispanic or Latino".〕 Origin can be viewed as the ancestry, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Federal Register Notice October 30, 1997 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CIA – The World Factbook – Field Listing :: Ethnic groups )〕 As the only specifically designated category of ethnicity in the United States (other than non-Hispanic/Latino), Hispanics form a pan-ethnicity incorporating a diversity of inter-related cultural and linguistic heritages, rather than a shared or common race or ancestry. Most Hispanic ethnic groups represent centuries of intermixing among the "races." Hispanic Americans are predominantly of Mexican origin, and in smaller numbers, of Nuevomexicano, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Salvadoran, Dominican, Guatemalan, and Colombian origin.〔〔 (The Contested Homeland - A Chicano History of New Mexico )〕 Hispanic Americans are the second fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States after Asian Americans. , Hispanics constitute 17.37% of the United States population, or 55.3 million people. The United States has the second-largest community of people of Hispanic origin other than Mexico, having surpassed Argentina, Colombia, and Spain within the last decade. This figure includes 38 million Spanish-speaking Americans.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=U.S. now has most Spanish speakers outside Mexico )〕 Hispanic/Latinos overall are the second-largest ethnic group in the United States, after non-Hispanic Whites (a group which, like Hispanics and Latinos, is composed of dozens of sub-groups of differing national origin). Hispanics have occupied territory of the present-day United States continuously since the sixteenth-century founding by the Spanish of Saint Augustine, Florida. After Native Americans, Hispanics are the oldest ethnic group to inhabit what is today the United States. Many have Native American ancestry.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Oldest U.S. City — Infoplease.com )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Documents in Mexican American History )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cuartocentennial of Colonization of New Mexico )〕 Spain colonized large areas of what is today the American Southwest and West Coast, including present-day California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas, all of which were under the Republic of Mexico after its independence in the 19th century and until the end of the Mexican-American War. ==Terminology== (詳細はethnicity; people in this group may be of any race and often have mixed-race ancestry. Members of the Hispanic ethnicity may share a common language, culture, history, and heritage. According to the Smithsonian Institution, the term ''Latino'' includes peoples of Portuguese roots, such as Brazil, as well as those of Spanish-language origin.〔('Glossary' ), Smithsonian Institution (Note; It defines "Hispanic" as meaning those with Spanish-speaking roots in the Americas and Spain, and "Latino" as meaning those from both Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking cultures in Latin America.)〕〔"()he term 'Latino' . . . may be more inclusive than the term 'Hispanic.'" Deborah A. Ramirez, "Excluded Voices: The Disenfranchisement of Ethnic Groups From Jury Service," ''1993 Wis. L. Rev.'' 761, 806 (1993).〕 A Hispanic or Latino can be of any race. In the United States, most Hispanics and Latinos are mestizos (of mixed race European and Native American ancestry.) They may also be of predominately white or American Indian ancestry. Many Hispanics and Latinos from the Caribbean and Latin American countries where slavery was widespread may also have at least some African ancestry.〔 The difference between the terms ''Hispanic'' and ''Latino'' is confusing to some. The U.S. government defines Hispanic as anyone from Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas. The term ''Latino'' has developed more varied definitions. One definition of Latino is "a Latin male in the United States".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Online Etymology Dictionary )〕 This is the oldest definition used in the United States, first used in 1946. This definition encompassed both Spanish speakers from Europe and the Americas. Under this definition, immigrants from Spain and immigrants from Latin America are both Latino. This definition is consistent with the 21st-century usage by the U.S. Census Bureau and OMB, as the two agencies use both terms Hispanic and Latino interchangeably. A later definition of Latino is that it possibly could be a condensed form of the term "Latino-Americano," the Spanish word for Latin-American, or someone who comes from Latin America. Under this definition a Mexican American or Cuban American, for example, is both a Hispanic and a Latino. A Brazilian American is also a Latino, under this definition, which would include those of Portuguese-speaking origin from Latin America. An immigrant from Spain would be classified as Hispanic but not Latino by this definition.〔"Latino: People with roots in the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking Americas." http://csuchico-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.4/222〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 AP Stylebook Twitter )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Herald Style Guide )〕 Filipinos and Guamanians are ''not'' considered "Hispanic", although some may speak Spanish, because Spanish is not the official language of wither of their countries. The Philippines and Guam were colonies of Spain for hundreds of years, but there were not as many colonists in these areas as in the Americas. After the Spanish-American War and United States rule for decades in the Philippines, English became one of the predominant official languages in the country. But, according to definitions of the U.S. Census Bureau, Brazilians are considered Portuguese speakers and are not included in the "Hispanic or Latino" population surveys. The U.S. government census classifies individuals as Hispanic/Latino if they come from a Spanish-speaking country. Blog discussions about identity note that a significant number of Brazilians have Spanish ancestry due to the colonial history and movement of peoples on the continent, as well as African ancestry from numerous peoples due to the slavery times. Brazil's culture has also been affected by other immigrants, including slaves from Africa, and later immigrants from Italy, Japan, China, Germany, Lebanon, and Russia. However, most people consider Brazilian Americans to be ''Latino'' because they come from Latin America. Preference of use between the terms among Hispanics and Latinos in the United States often depends on where persons reside. Those in the Eastern United States tend to prefer the term ''Hispanic'', whereas those in the West tend to prefer ''Latino'' (or ''Chicano'' if they are Mexican American).〔 Both terms refer to ethnicity, as a person of Latino or Hispanic origin can be of any race.〔 In Spanish, ''Latina'' is used for persons of feminine gender; ''Latino'' is used for those of masculine gender, or by default. For example, a group of mixed or unknown gender would be referred to as ''Latinos''. The neologisms ''Latinx'' and ''Latin@''〔(【引用サイトリンク】DICCIONARIO PANHISPÁNICO DE DUDAS - ''GÉNERO'' 2.2 )〕 were coined as a gender-neutral alternative to this traditional usage. The X functions as a variable, encompassing those who identify as male, female, or non-binary. It has not been widely adopted. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hispanic and Latino Americans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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